Fig. 12

Illustration of the generic process of lift generation after the incoming uniform flow starts suddenly over an airfoil: (a) t/T_ref = 0.002, (b) t/T_ref = 0.029, (c) t/T_ref = 0.05, and (d) t/T_ref = 0.1, and (e) t/T_ref = 1.0. Streamlines, pathlines and streaklines are shown in gray lines with arrows, black lines and white lines, respectively. Adapted from Zhu et al. [51]