Review of vortex methods for rotor aerodynamics and wake dynamics

Advances in Aerodynamics

Table 1 Overview of blade models for rotor simulation

Methods	Singularity	Blade grid	Computation time	References
LLM	Horseshoe vortex	No grid (lifting line)	Very fast	Leishman [25]
				Johnson [26]
				Landgrebe et al. [27, 28]
VLM	Vortex ring element	Lattice on camber line	Fast (slower than LLM)	DeYoung [29]
				Katz and Maskew [30]
				Wachspress and Yu [31]
Panel method	Source and doublet elements	Panels on upper and lower surface	Medium (slower than VLM)	Rubbert and Saaris [32]
				Hess [33], Crispin [34]
				Wachspress et al. [35]
Hybrid method	Horseshoe vortex	Only volume grid for flow field (CFD domain)	Slow (Faster than only CFD simulation)	Rajmohan and He [36]
				Zhao et al. [37]
				Bae and He [38]